PERECHYN, THE TOWN AT THE “CROSSROADS”
Maria Tranchych, the student of the Geography Faculty, UzhNU
I’m starting my blog today. With a bit of thought I decided to start it with my home town Perechyn. Just think about it…so many people are trying to run away from their home countries, so many seek to see something different, something that seems more interesting. For instance, so many Ukrainians are dreaming about going to France or the United States. And I do not disapprove of those people, it’s absolutely normal desire but it seems strange to me that people want to go to places but they haven’t seen at least half of their own country! More »
TRANSCARPATHIAN FORESTS CHARACTERISTIC
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
The Transcarpathian administrative region is located in the very west of Ukraine. Its area is 12.800 square kilometers with the population density about 100 people for 1 square kilometer.
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HISTORY OF TRANSCARPATHIAN VIRGIN FORESTS PROTECTION AND INVESTIGATION
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
The Transcarpathian region is located in the very center of Europe, and that is why an economic exploitation of forests has been held here for centuries. As well as in Europe in general, beginning with the middle of the 18th century the forested area started decreasing. That was the reason why a number of forest scientists started activities on research and protection of the remaining patches of wild nature. So, already in 1907 forest reserves in Stuzhytsya and on the mega-slopes of Pip-Ivan Maramoroshskyi Mt. were designated. And in 1912-1914 the Hungarian Forest Administration started up the protection о f some small virgin forest sites in the Chornohora massif on the south-western slopes of Hoverla Mt.
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VALUES AND CRITERIA OF VIRGIN FORESTS IDENTIFICATION TRANSCARPATHIA
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
A famous European ecologist Mario Broggi in his article “What do Transcarpathian virgin forests mean for us?” published on September 20, 1999 in a popular Swiss newspaper “Neue Zeurcher Zeitung” emphasized the following: „For the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Investigations WSL the virgin forests and cultural landscapes of the biosphere reserve in Transcarpathia (Ukraine) make up a perfect site for comparison with the present Swiss practice of forest management as well as nature and landscape conservation”. But this is only one of the aspects that reflect the virgin forests’ value. From the scientific viewpoint they are of a crucial importance in determining the history of a vegetation cover development during the post-glacial period. Virgin forests research is a necessary precondition for the close-to-nature forest management as they serve as a model of biologically stable and highly-productive forest communities. The ecological processes that occur here may become a virtual model for the sustainable forest use.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. PROJECT RESULTS REVIEW
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
The overall results are provided in the table 1, which shows that not all sites of mature and old overgrowth stands correspond to the virgin forests criteria. This concerns the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve too, because some time ago forests with economic destination have been included to its territory. The table also illustrated the fact that the virgin forests are greatiy fragmented. Within the three districts there are 123 clusters that include 374 polygons of different forest types. Within each polygon there is an inventory plot, which has been described in detail.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. CHORNOHORA MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. SVYDOVETS MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. MARAMOROSH MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. KRASNA MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. PRE-WATERSHED GORGANY MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. VYHORIAT-HUTYNSKYI MASSIF. DESCRIPTION BY OROGRAPHIC UNITS
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
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BIODIVERSITY OF VIRGIN FORESTS OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
Field works analyses and reference literary sources studies (Flora and Vegetation of CBR, 1982; Biodiversity of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, 1997) prove the important role of the virgin forests for the biological diversity conservation. About 1.000 vascular plant species, 450 moss species and 430 lichen species are found here. Virgin forests are a real paradise for fungi (about 700 species). Almost all species of wood-destructive fungi of Europe are distributed here.
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VIRGIN FORESTS OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS A CONSTITUTIVE PART OF THE UNESCO WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
On June 28, 2007 the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Committee on its 31st meeting in Christchurch (New Zealand) adopted a decision to include the Ukrainian-Slovak nomination “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians” to the UNESCO World Natural Heritage.
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VIRGIN FOREST OF THRANSCARPTHIA. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
Hamor F., Dovhanych Ya., Pokynchereda V., Sukharyuk D., Bundzyak Yo., Berkela Yu., Voloshchuk M., Hodovanets В., Kabal M.
SWOT Analysis of the Transcarpathian Virgin Forests
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FLOWER OF THE LEGEND
V. Komendar, V. Kricsfalusy, A.Lugovoy
In the most western part of Ukraine, on the southern mountainside of Eastern (Ukrainian) Carpathian mountains in the place where the geographical center of Europe is situated we can find the location of the most beautiful region of Ukraine-Transcarpathian region.
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LAND CLOSE TO SKY
Transcarpathia
Distance from Uzhhorod to Kyiv: by rail – 798 km, by motorway – 788 km
Geographical data: the region is located in moderately continental climatic area; there are rivers on the territory of the region – 9,5 thousands of streams and rivers the largest are Tysa, Latorytsya, Borzhava
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CARPATHIANS – THE HEART AND LUNGS OF EUROPE
Ivan Dius
Carpathian mountains are the cradle of many nations since the olden times. Today in the conditions of global climatic changes which threaten the humanity they play a life-giving role without any exaggeration. Ecosystems of the Carpathians provide the proper water, air and climatic balances, serve as the place of existence of the most of the flora and fauna of Europe. More »
PREPARATION OF THE SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON PROVIDING OF STEADY DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS AND THE REGION OF CARPATHIANS IN PARTICULAR.
41 the Plenary Session of Congress of the local and regional powers of the Council of Europe on initiative of delegation of Ukraine charged the Committee to consider the matter of preparation of the special Resolution and Recommendation about providing of steady development of mountain regions and the region of Carpathians in particular. More »
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON “STEADY DEVELOPMENT OF CARPATHIANS AND OTHER MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF EUROPE”
An important preparatory measure for the acceptance of Resolution and Recommendations is called to become international scientific and technical conference of “Steady development of Carpathians and other mountain regions of Europe”. This conference is organized by the Regional Council of Transcarpathia and Regional State Administration and it will be held on September, 8-10, 2010 in Uzhhorod. More »
MAINTENANCE AND PERMANENT USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF CARPATHIANS REQUIRES THE COLLABORATION OF ALL THE COUNTRIES OF CARPATHIAN REGION
Andriy Pohorelov, Chief of State Administration of Natural Environmental Defence in Transcarpathian region
In the year of 2003 within the framework of Carpathian convention the range of agreements was celled about the collaboration of people of Carpathians in the different spheres of life and first of all in the field of natural environmental defence.
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NATURAL AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Climatic Resources
The climate of Transcarpathia is moderately continental with the sufficient and surplus moistening, usteady spring, not very hot summer, warm autumn and mild winter. We should mark that climate of Transcarpathia is the most favourable by the amount of comfort days for active rest in the Ukrainian Carpathians.
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WATER RESOURCES
Rivers
The whole territory of Transcarpathia is the header of Tysa river pool (affluent of the Danube) which rises in the mountain forests in Rakhiv district (Bila and Chorna Tysa rivers). Tysa stretches about 220 km along the territory of Transcarpathia. Borzhava, River, Tereblya, Teresva, Chorna and Bila Tysa are the affluents of Tysa river, and waters of Latorycya and Uzh also fall into Tysa outside Ukraine first being formed on the territory of the region and having fallen into the rivers of Laborets and Bodroh.
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FLOODS TRIAL
Volodymyr Снірак, chief of Transcarpathian Water Management
Transcarpathia is one of the most flood risk regions of Europe. Here is always a potential threat of disastrous floods origin. There were 6 floods in the 19th century and 17 – in the 20th. More »
SMALL HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Oleksandr Kartashov, Volodymyr Katolyk
In Transcarpathian region the electric power consumption makes about 2,0 milliard of kWh per year. The electricity generation by local HPS makes 120-160 million kWh (6-8 % from the total) and it is concentrated on four hydroelectric power stations: Tereblya-Rika HPS (with capacitance of 27,0 mW); Onokivtsi HPS (2,65 mW); Uzhhorod HPS (1,9 mW); Bilyny HPS (0,63 mW).
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TRANSFRONTAL COLLABORATION OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Ernest Nuser, Chief of Main Administration on European Integration, External Economic Relations and Tourism of Transcarpathian Regional State Administration
Throughout the years Transcarpathia is the permanent participant of all the European Union neighborhood programs which operate on the east EU border: TACIS, INTERREG, FARE, CADSES, ENPI. As a result, there is a number of successful projects carried out in the region. More »
INVESTMENT ACTIVITY
Volodyr Hoblyk, Deputy Chief of Transcarpathian Regional State Administration
Volodymyr Prykhodko, member of Regional Committee on Economic Reforms, member of Eurokar JFC Observant Council
As of March I, 2010 six investment projects are being realized in special mode of investing by the estimate cost of 39,5 million US dollars. Within the framework of operating investment projects the attracted investments comprise 60,3 million US dollars. Special economic area of “Zakarpattya” counts 16 subjects of entrepreneurial activity, the sum of declared investments makes 300,8 million US dollars, the amount of the actually attracted investments is 257,7 million US dollars. The attracted outward investments comprise 75,3 million US dollars.
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AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION
Agro-industrial complex is an important sector of economy of the region and forms about 20% of gross value added. The agroindustrial production of Transcarpathia differs from that of the other regions of Ukraine. The main differentiating features are:
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LET TOMORROW BE BETTER
The village of Solotvyno is spread along the right bank of Tysa river. Its old name of Slatyna, which means “salt water”, is first mentioned in 1360 – the salt had already been extracted here at that time. Today it is a small inhabited area with not only dwelling houses and institutions in it but also the 7th, 8th and 9th mines working (the mines of 1-6 are closed down). Solotvyno stands on a large salt cupola. More »
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION OF TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION
Hanna Sopkova, Depchief of Education and Science Department of Regional State Administration
Today it is incumbent upon all teachers to be aware of the changes outlined by the Presidents’ Committee for Economic Reforms, effective 2010-2014, for the program “Prosperous Society, Competitive Economy, Effective State”. Funding needs for regional education are estimated at 1,632,000 UAH. Presently 10 regional educational programs are established in Transcarpathia.
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TOURIST POTENTIAL OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Oleksandr Marchenko, Depchief of Main Administration – Chief of the Department of European Integration, Tourism and Resorts of Transcarpathian RSA
Tourism and recreation industry in Transcarpathia shows a positive momentum within the period of last few years. The volume of the given services increased by 7% and makes 121,1 million of hryvnyas for the period of January-June of 2010 if compared with the same period of 2009. Thus local budget deductions increased by 17% and make 6,5 million of hryvnyas; 99 new workplaces were created in this field. The network of sanatorium-resort, tourism and recreation, hotel establishments counts 328 objects.
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VALUE OF EDUCATION IN TOURIST BUSINESS
Khrysto Rohlev, academician of the Academy of Tourism of Ukraine, Honoured worker of service industry
According to the Worldwide Tourist Organization Ukraine can be among the first twenty of countries – the most popular directions of tourism till the year of 2020. More »
TRANSCARPATHIAN STUDENTS CENTER OF TOURISM, REGIONAL HISTORY, EXCURSIONS AND SPORTS
Institution Credo: “Tourism and Sports is a Diversified Type of Education”
The basic criteria of work for the Transcarpathian Students Center of Tourism, Regional History, Excursions and Sports is to offer the widest array of curriculum which addresses the needs of the upcoming generation. There are 55 groups working in 14 profiles, and a total of 750 students study at the centre. Students of the Centre take an active part in championships of Ukraine, international competitions on sporting orientation, alpine skiing, hiking, water activities and cycle touring. Within the framework of these competitions about 40 persons became the candidates in sport masters and 30 more got a rank of masters of sport of Ukraine. More »
CULTURE EVENTS
Over 150 of rural, city, district, regional, All-Ukrainian, international cultural and art festivals are held annually in Transcarpathia. More »
REGIONAL STUDIES: HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY
Yosyp Kobal PhD (History)
Archaeology
Over the course of many centuries, Transcarpathia served as an ancient gate which linked the Eastern and Western civilizations surrounding the area. The region was populated in the infancy of mankind, 1 million years ago. Evidence of inhabitants of the Stone Age were found near the village of Kololevo, Vynohradovo district, and the Korolevo site is the oldest one in the Ukraine.
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ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIONALISM AND STYLISH RACINESS OF THE LAND
Olexandr Andyaloshiy, Chief of the Department of Regional Development, Town planning and Architecture of Transcarpathian Regional State Administration
Transcarpathian region is one of the picturesque corners of Ukraine. Dividing the regional territories among the ethnic groups of huzuls, boyky, lemky dwelling in the land one can see at once the influence of original culture of that or other group on folk architecture. It is especially present in sacral architecture. The golden fund of sacral architecture is formed by the gothic churches of Maramoros traditional architecture in Khust district. Castle architecture rose to especially high levels of development in 14-18 centuries. Twelve castles of different periods were built on the territory of the region. Since Transcarpathia was located on salt ways, the first castles were built up as boundary posts of 9-12 centuries period. The designers of fortification buildings were mainly French and Italian engineers.
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RELIGIOUS AND CHURCH LIFE
Towns and villages of Transcarpathia are united by the great number of temples. Every town or village, even the smallest one, has its own temple and there are dozens of wooden and stone temples constructed during the 19th – 20th centuries and preserved till nowadays among them.
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ARTISTIC HORIZONS OF TRANSCARPATHIA
Oksana Havrosh, art critic
The most important qualities of the artistic language of Transcarpathian art − high spirituality, poetry, integrity of perception of the world − are those fundamental principles which come from the sources of folk mentality. Nameless Huzul pysanky, carved communion crosses, flasks, mugs and tubes, engraved tins and embroidered towels will save forever hidden in the simplest symbols history of the land, endured and struck with the boundless love to the native land. Wooden folk architecture is the most prominent phenomenon in the history of art and architecture of Transcarpathia. More »
Carpathians -One of the Wonders of Europe
Carpathian mountains is one of those wonders of Europe, even of the whole world, that at the same time arouses amazement, delight, anxiety and furthermore sorrow for our present and future destiny. In the XXI century the Carpathians acquired new features not only as the geographical part of Europe, but as an important factor, that in great degree influences living conditions and inner feelings of the whole European continent residents.
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ZAKARPATTYA – CENTER OF EUROPE
Such definition may seem to be a bit exaggerated. But region geographical position, its historical destiny gave reason to place memorial, connected with numerous legends about location of geographical center of Europe exactly in Zakarpatska oblast, in Dilove village, Rakhivsky district, where mountain Goverla, the highest top of the Ukrainian Carpathians, is located. Many scientists consider it as geographical center of the Carpathian region. Here is a certain piece of truth. Zakarpattya is the western region of Ukraine, which borders with four Carpathian states of the European Union -Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Romania. Its first neighbors – Lvivska, Ivano-Frankivska and Chernivecka oblasts are also the members of the same Carpathian family. So, it takes only an hour and a half by air to reach Kyiv, Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, Vienna, Bonne, Geneva, Paris, Rome.
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NATURAL LUNGS OF THE CONTINENT
It is axiom, that healing mountain air has always been the best medicine for a lot of diseases. And the Carpathians always were and still remain the lungs of Europe. Our health depends on the quality of air we breathe. That’s why nowadays with the whole subtlety the problem of preservation of atmosphere of the Carpathian region from intensive pollution arises.
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WATER – EYES OF LORD
It is very important for the health of major part of the European population to have the Carpathian mountains, as the source of clean water. It is really true. Many legends exist concerning crystal clearness of the Carpathian rivers, lakes, underground waters. Water in the Carpathians is the Eyes of Lord. It has amazing ability to give life, punish and forgive. It is really true. Such important water arteries as Visla, Dunaj, Tisza, Dnister and their numerous large and small tributaries come into existence from the Carpathians outflows. At present time there are many small rivers in the Carpathians, preserved in their natural state, that belong to the cleanest rivers in Europe.
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CARPATHIAN FORESTS – UNIQUE RELIC AND RESERVOIR OF BIODIVERSITY
It is impossible to imagine healing Carpathian air and water without green gold, that the Carpathian forests will always stay. 50 % of the Carpathian region are covered with forests the fund of which is about 700000 hectares. Natural composition of the Carpathian forests is rather rich with the prevalence of stead deciduous (over 60 %) and coniferous (about 30 %) species.
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CHALLENGE OF FLOODS
Floods are one of the most serious challenges the Carpathians have always faced with. If in the XIX century floods in the Carpathians happened on the average once in a period of eighteen years, already in the XX century – every four-five years. And in Zakarpattya destructive floods took place three times during the last 10 years.
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SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION
Under the circumstances of realization of eurointegration processes new opportunities for solving many problems of local communities appeared before Zakarpatska, Lvivska, Ivano-Francivska, Chernivetska oblasts of Ukraine and other districts of the Carpathian region. The 8th international exhibition fair “Toureurocenter-Zakarpattya-2008″ that was held in Zakarpattya confirmed this. More »
ROLE OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL AUTHORITIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN SOLVING OF ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE REGION
The organs of local self-government and executive powers of the Carpathian region are deeply concerned with the negative ecological processes, which spread quickly spread, become more frequent, pressing and acquire offensive character. They are disturbed by the threat and unforeseeableness of the situation that makes them shoulder economic, social and ecological problems result from floods, storms, droughts and other cataclysms. More »
WAYS OF ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CARPATHIANS SOLVING
For working out the mutual strategy on ecological problems of the Carpathian region solving the Committee on Sustainable Development of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe after considering ecological situation and its social consequences in this region could offer the following actions:
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TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION IN THE SCOPE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION POLICY – STATE OF COOPERATION
Ernest Nuser, head of the main Department of European integration, foreign economic relations and tourism of the Transcarpathian Regional State Administration
It is generally recognized among experts that for long time cross-border cooperation between the Transcarpathian region and regions of neighboring countries still serving an example of civilized and pragmatic interregional collaboration. The principles of cooperation are laid down in the operating regulatory and legal framework and concluded agreements on cooperation at the level of regions, cities and districts. First of all – these are agreements between the Transcarpathian Regional State Administration and neighboring regions of EU member-states.
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GUZUL ART
The Guzuls are a small ethnic sub-group of Ukrainians who live in the Eastern Carpathians, in the West of the Soviet Union. Their homeland, Guzulshchina, lies within three administrative regions of the Ukrainian SSR (Ivano-Frankovsk, Chernovitsy and Zakarpatye regions). Through the centuries, this group of Ukrainians, living isolated in the mountains, developed quite distinctive crafts and art forms of their own, on which their geography and natural resources have left their stamp. Thus, thick forest gave them logs for building and for wood carvings; the harsh climate of the mountains influenced their clothes and home. The Guzul peasants’ sheep gave them wool for heavy homespun clothes and lighter patterned weaves, sheepskin for their colourful sleeveless jerkins and leather for their boots, bags and belts; and they made colourful hand-painted pottery out of an abundance of local clays.
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